What Is Diwali?
Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is one of the most widely celebrated and significant festivals in various cultures, primarily Hindu, Jain, and Sikh communities. It is popularly known as the “festival of lights,” symbolising the triumph of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance. The observances typically span five days, each with its own customs and narratives.
The core essence of Diwali revolves around new beginnings and the renewal of life. It is a time for family gatherings, cleaning and decorating homes, exchanging gifts, and preparing festive foods. Across the numerous countries where it is observed, Diwali brings communities together through various cultural expressions and shared celebrations.
History and Origins of Diwali
The origins of Diwali are ancient and multifaceted, reflecting the diverse traditions that observe it. For Hindus, the festival is associated with several historical and mythological events. In northern India, it commemorates the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya after fourteen years of exile, following his victory over the demon king Ravana. The people of Ayodhya lit lamps to welcome him, an act replicated annually.
In western India, Diwali is linked to the worship of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, with Lakshmi Puja being a central observance. Eastern India, particularly Bengal, celebrates Kali Puja during this period, honouring the goddess Kali. Southern India often marks the day as the defeat of the demon Narakasura by Lord Krishna, signifying the victory of good over evil. Jains observe Diwali to commemorate the attainment of moksha (liberation) by Mahavira, the last Tirthankara. Sikhs celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas on Diwali, marking the release of Guru Hargobind from prison by the Mughal emperor Jahangir.
How Diwali Is Celebrated
Diwali celebrations are characterised by vibrant displays of lights, fireworks, and elaborate rituals, varying significantly across regions and communities while retaining common themes. Homes are thoroughly cleaned and decorated with intricate rangoli patterns and oil lamps (diyas). Families gather for feasts, exchange sweets and gifts, and wear new clothing.
Day 1: Dhanteras
The first day, known as Dhanteras (Dhanatrayodashi), is associated with wealth and prosperity. People typically clean their homes and purchase new items, especially gold, silver, and kitchen utensils, symbolising good fortune. It is also believed that on this day, Dhanvantari, the physician of the gods and an incarnation of Vishnu, emerged from the Samudra Manthan (churning of the cosmic ocean) carrying a pot of elixir, bringing knowledge of Ayurveda.
Day 2: Naraka Chaturdashi / Chhoti Diwali
The second day is Naraka Chaturdashi, also known as Chhoti Diwali (Small Diwali). This day often commemorates the defeat of the demon Narakasura by Lord Krishna and Satyabhama. Celebrations include early morning rituals, often involving an oil bath to cleanse and purify. In some regions, small firecrackers are lit, and special sweets are prepared.
Day 3: Lakshmi Puja (Main Diwali Day)
The third and main day of Diwali is dedicated to Lakshmi Puja. Families conduct elaborate prayer ceremonies to Goddess Lakshmi, seeking prosperity, and to Ganesha, the remover of obstacles. Homes are illuminated with countless diyas and electric lights, creating a spectacular display. Fireworks are a significant part of the evening’s festivities, symbolising the warding off of evil spirits. Community gatherings and lavish feasts are also common.
Day 4: Govardhan Puja / Padwa
The fourth day of Diwali has multiple significances. In northern India, it is often celebrated as Govardhan Puja, commemorating Lord Krishna’s act of lifting the Govardhan Hill to protect villagers from the wrath of Indra. It also marks the beginning of the new year for many business communities, especially in Gujarat, where it is known as Bestu Varas or Padwa. It symbolises the renewal of relationships, particularly between husband and wife.
Day 5: Bhai Dooj
The fifth and final day is Bhai Dooj (Bhai Tika or Bhai Phonta), which celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters. Sisters apply a tilak or tika on their brothers’ foreheads and perform prayers for their longevity and well-being. Brothers, in return, offer gifts to their sisters, reinforcing familial affection and protection. This day mirrors the Raksha Bandhan festival but involves different rituals.
When Is Diwali?
Diwali is a moveable feast, with its date determined by the Hindu lunisolar calendar. It falls on the new moon night (Amavasya) of the month of Kartika in the Purnimanta calendar, or the new moon night of the month of Ashvin in the Amanta calendar, which typically corresponds to October or November in the Gregorian calendar. The five-day festival begins two days before Lakshmi Puja and concludes two days after it.
Due to variations in calendar calculations and regional traditions, the exact dates can differ slightly between communities or countries. For example, while the main day of Lakshmi Puja is widely observed, the preceding and succeeding days might have different names or observances depending on local customs. Public holiday declarations also vary by country; for instance, it is a significant public holiday in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Fiji, and Mauritius.
Diwali Key Facts
| Fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Type | Public Holiday / Observance / Religious |
| Date | Variable (typically October or November) |
| Countries | Multiple, including India, Nepal, Singapore, Malaysia, Fiji, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago |
| Also known as | Deepavali |
| Calendar system | Hindu Lunisolar Calendar |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main significance of Diwali?
Diwali's main significance is the celebration of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance. It also marks new beginnings and the strengthening of familial bonds. The specific reasons for celebration vary across regions and communities, often linked to different historical narratives.
How many days is Diwali celebrated for?
Diwali is traditionally celebrated over a period of five days, with each day having distinct rituals and significance. While the core observances span five days, local traditions may focus on particular days more intensely, such as Lakshmi Puja, which is often considered the main day of the festival.
Why does the date of Diwali change each year?
The date of Diwali changes annually because it is determined by the Hindu lunisolar calendar, specifically based on the new moon night of the Hindu month of Kartika. This calendar is based on both lunar cycles and the solar year, resulting in the festival typically falling in either October or November in the Gregorian calendar.