National Foundation Day

What Is National Foundation Day?

National Foundation Day is a public holiday observed in both Japan and South Korea, commemorating the respective establishment of their nations. While sharing a similar name, the historical events and traditions celebrated by each country are distinct, reflecting their unique national narratives.

In Japan, the day is known as Kenkoku Kinen no Hi (National Foundation Day) and commemorates the legendary founding of Japan by its first emperor, Emperor Jimmu, in 660 BCE. It is observed on 11 February each year.

In South Korea, the day is called Gaecheonjeol (literally “The Day the Heavens Opened”) and marks the mythical founding of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom, by Dangun Wanggeom in 2333 BCE. This observance takes place annually on 3 October.

History and Origins of National Foundation Day

The origins of National Foundation Day in Japan and South Korea are rooted in ancient accounts and cultural narratives that define each nation’s sense of beginning. These observances are deeply intertwined with their respective national identities and historical consciousness.

In Japan (Kenkoku Kinen no Hi)

Japan’s National Foundation Day, Kenkoku Kinen no Hi, originates from the traditional belief that Emperor Jimmu, the mythical first Emperor of Japan, ascended to the throne on the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar in 660 BCE. This date is derived from ancient Japanese chronicles such as the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which detail the imperial lineage and the nation’s genesis.

The holiday was initially established during the Meiji Restoration in 1873 as Kigensetsu (Empire Day). It was part of a broader effort to unify the nation under the Emperor and promote a strong sense of national identity. Kigensetsu was abolished after World War II due to its association with militarism and ultranationalism. However, following public debate, it was re-established in 1966 as Kenkoku Kinen no Hi, with its focus shifted to encouraging a sense of “love for the country” and reflecting on the nation’s history. The date was fixed as 11 February, aligning with the Gregorian equivalent of the traditional founding date.

In South Korea (Gaecheonjeol)

South Korea’s National Foundation Day, Gaecheonjeol, commemorates the legendary founding of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom, by Dangun Wanggeom. According to national accounts, this event occurred on the third day of the tenth month of the lunar calendar in 2333 BCE. The term Gaecheonjeol translates to “The Day the Heavens Opened,” referencing the descent of Hwanung, the son of the Lord of Heaven, who established a city and eventually fathered Dangun.

The Dangun myth is a fundamental origin story for the Korean people, symbolising their deep connection to the land and their cultural heritage. While the specific date has been observed for centuries in various forms, Gaecheonjeol was formally designated as a national holiday in 1909. It gained increased prominence during periods of foreign occupation as a means of preserving Korean identity and promoting national unity. Since 1949, it has been officially celebrated on 3 October in the Gregorian calendar.

How National Foundation Day Is Celebrated

The manner in which National Foundation Day is celebrated reflects the distinct cultural emphasis and historical interpretations in each country. While both involve expressions of national pride, the specific traditions and public engagement vary.

In Japan

In Japan, Kenkoku Kinen no Hi is generally a quiet public holiday for most of the population. The national flag is often displayed by households and public institutions. While official ceremonies are held at the imperial palace and elsewhere, these are typically solemn events. Some right-wing political groups may organise parades and demonstrations promoting patriotism and reverence for the imperial line.

For the general public, it is often a day off from work or school, spent with family. There is no widespread participation in large-scale public festivals or elaborate cultural performances specifically tied to this day. Discussions around the holiday can sometimes be contentious, particularly concerning its historical interpretations and associations with pre-war nationalism.

In South Korea

In South Korea, Gaecheonjeol is celebrated with more visible public ceremonies and cultural events. The government holds official ceremonies, often attended by high-ranking officials, to honour Dangun and the nation’s foundation. The national flag is prominently displayed across the country.

One of the significant observances is the performance of Dangunje (Dangun rituals) at various altars, most notably at Chamseongdan on Mount Mani on Ganghwa Island, which is traditionally believed to have been built by Dangun himself. These rituals involve offerings and prayers. Public performances, cultural exhibitions, and fireworks displays may also take place, particularly in urban centres. The day serves as an opportunity for Koreans to reflect on their long history, unique cultural identity, and shared heritage, fostering a strong sense of national pride.

When Is National Foundation Day?

National Foundation Day is observed on two distinct fixed dates in the Gregorian calendar, depending on the country.

In Japan, Kenkoku Kinen no Hi consistently falls on 11 February each year. In South Korea, Gaecheonjeol is always celebrated on 3 October each year.

Both countries utilise the Gregorian calendar system for the official observance of these holidays.

National Foundation Day Key Facts