The Emperor's Birthday

What Is The Emperor’s Birthday?

The Emperor’s Birthday, known in Japan as Tennō Tanjōbi (天皇誕生日), is a national public holiday commemorating the birth of the reigning Japanese Emperor. It is one of the few days each year when the inner grounds of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo are opened to the public, allowing citizens to extend their well wishes directly to the Imperial Family. This day underscores the role of the Emperor as a symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of its people.

The holiday provides an opportunity for national reflection on the monarchy and its historical and contemporary significance within Japan. Official ceremonies and public appearances mark the occasion, fostering a connection between the Imperial Household and the populace. The celebration is rooted in a long tradition of honouring the monarch.

History and Origins of The Emperor’s Birthday

The observance of the Emperor’s birthday as a national event has a long history in Japan, evolving significantly over centuries. Initially, various imperial events were celebrated, but the modern concept of a dedicated national holiday for the Emperor’s birthday solidified during the Meiji era (1868-1912). It was then officially named Tenchōsetsu (天長節), a term derived from a Tang Dynasty Chinese poem symbolising the emperor’s longevity.

The date of the holiday naturally shifts with each new reign, aligning with the birth date of the ascending monarch. Following Japan’s defeat in World War II and the subsequent post-war constitution, the Emperor’s role transformed from a sovereign ruler to a “symbol of the State and of the unity of the people.” This change influenced the holiday’s observance, though it retained its national importance. Emperor Akihito’s birthday was 23 December, and upon his abdication in 2019, the holiday was temporarily not observed until Emperor Naruhito’s birthday, 23 February, became the new public holiday date from 2020.

How The Emperor’s Birthday Is Celebrated

The primary celebration of The Emperor’s Birthday centres on the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. On this day, the inner grounds of the Palace, which are typically restricted, are opened to the general public. Large crowds gather within the palace precinct, often waving small Japanese flags.

The Emperor, accompanied by the Empress and other adult members of the Imperial Family, makes several appearances throughout the day on a glass-enclosed balcony overlooking the East Garden. From this vantage point, the Emperor delivers a brief address, expressing gratitude for the public’s well wishes and offering thoughts for the nation’s welfare. Following the Emperor’s address, the public offers their congratulations, often shouting “Banzai” (meaning “long life”). This direct interaction, though brief, is a significant element of the holiday’s observance.

Observances Across Japan

While the main events occur in Tokyo, the holiday is recognised nationwide. As a public holiday, schools, government offices, and many businesses close, allowing people to spend time with family or engage in other recreational activities. Though there are no specific regional customs tied to The Emperor’s Birthday beyond the Imperial Palace ceremonies, the day is generally regarded as one of national unity and respect for the Imperial Household. Some local government offices or organisations may host smaller celebratory events or flag-raising ceremonies, but these are not widespread, traditional practices.

When Is The Emperor’s Birthday?

The date of The Emperor’s Birthday is not fixed on the Gregorian calendar; instead, it is determined by the birth date of the reigning Emperor of Japan. This means the holiday’s date changes upon the succession of a new monarch.

Currently, The Emperor’s Birthday is observed on 23 February, which is the birth date of the present Emperor, Naruhito. Prior to this, during the reign of Emperor Akihito, the holiday was celebrated on 23 December. When Emperor Akihito abdicated on 30 April 2019, and Emperor Naruhito ascended the throne on 1 May 2019, there was no Emperor’s Birthday holiday observed in 2019, as Naruhito’s birthday in February had already passed, and Akihito’s was no longer the reigning Emperor’s birthday. The first Emperor’s Birthday for Emperor Naruhito was observed on 23 February 2020.

The Emperor’s Birthday Key Facts